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Motivated tactician
The term "motivated tacticians", a type of motivated reasoning, is used in social psychology to describe a human shifting from quick-and-dirty cognitively economical tactics to more thoughtful, thorough strategies when processing information, depending on the type and degree of motivation.〔Fiske, 2004〕 This idea has been used to explain why people use stereotyping, biases and categorization in some situations, and more analytical thinking in others.
==History==
After much research on categorization, and other cognitive shortcuts, psychologists began to describe human beings as cognitive misers; which explains that a need to conserve mental resources causes people to use shortcuts to thinking about stimuli, instead of motivations and urges influencing the way humans think about their world. Stereotypes and heuristics were used as evidence of the economic nature of human thinking. In recent years, the work of Fiske & Neuberg (1990), Higgins & Molden (2003), Molden & Higgins (2005) and others has led to the recognition of the importance of motivational thinking. This is due to contemporary research studying the importance of motivation in cognitive processes, instead of concentrating on cognition versus motivation.〔Molden & Higgins, 2005〕 Current research does not deny that people will be cognitively miserly in certain situations, but it takes into account that thorough analytic thought does occur in other situations.
Using this perspective, researchers have begun to describe human beings as "motivated tacticians" who are tactical about how much cognitive resources will be used depending on the individual's intent and level of motivation. Based on the complex nature of the world and the occasional need for quick thinking, it would be detrimental for a person to be methodical about everything, while other situations require more focus and attention. Considering human beings as motivated tacticians has become popular because it takes both situations into account. This concept also takes into account, and continues to study, what motivates people to use more or less mental resources when processing information about their world. Research has found that intended outcome, relevancy to the individual, culture, and affect can all influence the way a person processes information.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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